Primary Lithium Batteries for Automated External Defibrillators (AED)

Defibrillators are classified into implantable (internal) and external types. External defibrillators are further divided into semi-automated and automated external defibrillators (AEDs). The difference lies in whether the ECG analysis is initiated manually or automatically.

Semi-automated external defibrillators are used by medical professionals in hospitals or ambulances, typically requiring medical knowledge or certification to use. However, AEDs provide voice and screen instructions for life-saving procedures, making them easy to use even for those without medical training. Previously, all external defibrillators were semi-automated limiting their use to strictly medical professionals, but since the 2000s, many countries have eased regulations to allow public use by increasing installation of AEDs.　Since cardiac arrest can occur anytime and anywhere, the expansion of AEDs has been extended to public places and locations where many people gather, such as schools, offices, commercial facilities, and transportation systems. This document focuses on AEDs and how Panasonic Energy Primary Lithium Batteries are a reliable power source for these life-saving machines.

Since AEDs are installed in various locations, they require a power supply without wiring and easy maintenance such as Primary Lithium Batteries. The requirements for batteries are as follows:

• High Reliability
  AEDs are life-saving devices, so batteries with high reliability that can be used with certainty during rescue operations are required.
• Long Life
  Since AEDs are installed in large numbers and frequent replacement is difficult, batteries that allow for longer replacement intervals are necessary.
• Wide Temperature Characteristics
  As AEDs are often installed outdoors, batteries that can operate in various temperature environments are needed.

Panasonic Energy offers cylindrical lithium manganese dioxide batteries (CR123A) with high energy density and long-term usability, as shown in the table below.

Long-Life and Wide Temperature Range Battery Cell

The CR123A achieves long life thanks to its excellent discharge characteristics. The figure is a graph comparing the discharge capacity of initial CR123A cells and cells equivalent to 8 years of aging (calculated from accelerated testing at 70°C and 90% storage). At 2.0V, the 8-year equivalent cells maintain 83% of the discharge capacity of the initial cells, indicating minimal performance degradation.

Since the battery replacement interval for AEDs is generally 4 to 5 years, the CR123A is suitable for AED applications that require long battery life. Using long-life batteries eliminates the need for frequent replacements, which also helps improve the efficiency of maintenance operations.

Standard Discharge Characteristics (CR123A)

 Additionally, since AEDs regularly check the remaining battery level, they consume power even during periods of non-use. Therefore, when using AEDs, it is essential to ensure stable power supply by considering the amount of electricity consumed during these periodic battery checks throughout the installation period.

Currently, our company is developing improved CR123A cells with enhanced discharge characteristics in low-temperature environments. The figure shows a graph of the pulse discharge characteristics at -20°C for the CR123A (under development) at 50% and 70% depth of discharge. Even in low-temperature environments where voltage tends to drop, the battery maintains a stable voltage of 1.5V or higher at both depths of discharge.

Pulse Discharge Characteristics (CR123A [under development])

Battery Packs Suitable for Use in AEDs

Generally, the power supply for AEDs uses battery packs that combine multiple single cells. The type and number of cells, the shape of the pack, and the components are determined according to the AED’s specifications (voltage, load current), storage space, and usage conditions.  Panasonic Energy can design and manufacture custom battery packs suitable for AEDs according to customer requirements.

One Stop Solution

Panasonic Energy offers a wide lineup not only of primary lithium batteries for AEDs, but also secondary batteries such as lithium-ion batteries for semi-automated external defibrillators and wearable defibrillators. By integrating production from cell to pack, we achieve stable quality control.
We respond to various battery-related needs with our “One Stop Solution.”

Stable Global Supply Chain

Panasonic Energy has multiple sites for securing battery materials and producing battery cells and packs, enabling us to deliver necessary products stably over long periods through an efficient and stable global supply chain.

Additionally, with sales offices worldwide, we can provide detailed local communication with our customers. Panasonic Energy’s business domains include batteries that support daily convenience and comfort, a wide range of social infrastructure, and the automotive industry including EVs. We contribute to realizing a sustainable society where a prosperous life and the environment are harmoniously balanced.